Are you ready to venture into a world where mythical creatures lurk in the shadows of modern cities? Curious about a genre that seamlessly blends fantasy, romance, mystery, and adventure with everyday urban life? Prepare to be enchanted as we dive into the captivating realm of urban fantasy.
Urban fantasy is a genre that transports readers to urban landscapes filled with magic, where supernatural beings and humans coexist in contemporary times. Unlike other fantasy sub-genres, urban fantasy takes place in real-world cities, adding an extra layer of intrigue to the stories. Join us as we unravel the elements that make urban fantasy a genre like no other.
Key Takeaways
- Urban fantasy combines magical creatures and beings with modern-day urban settings.
- The genre blends elements of contemporary fiction, fantasy, romance, mystery, and adventure.
- Urban fantasy differs from other fantasy sub-genres by taking place in real-world cities.
- Popular urban fantasy creatures include vampires, werewolves, fae, witches, demons, and shapeshifters.
- Well-known urban fantasy series include “Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter,” “The Sookie Stackhouse Series,” and “The Vampire Chronicles.”
Defining Urban Fantasy
Urban fantasy is a captivating genre that blends elements of fantasy, the supernatural, and everyday urban life. In this genre, readers are transported to urban settings where mythical creatures coexist with humans. Vampires, werewolves, fae, witches, and demons are just a few of the fantastical creatures that inhabit these urban landscapes.
The unique characteristic of urban fantasy is its ability to seamlessly integrate the magical with the mundane. It explores the interactions between humans and magical beings, offering a glimpse into a world where fantasy and reality collide. These stories often incorporate themes of mystery, crime-solving, and the eternal struggle between good and evil.
Unlike other fantasy sub-genres, urban fantasy takes place in real-world cities. The juxtaposition of the supernatural against familiar cityscapes creates a sense of wonder and excitement. Readers are able to envision mythical creatures roaming the streets or hiding in plain sight.
“The blending of dreams and reality, where the mystical meets the modern, is what defines urban fantasy.” – Jane Jones
Urban fantasy novels provide a unique reading experience, offering readers a chance to escape into a world where magic and reality coexist. These stories are not just about the supernatural, but also about the human experience. They delve into the complexities of our own existence and the choices we make when faced with extraordinary circumstances.
By immersing readers in a modern-day urban setting and introducing them to a cast of captivating characters, urban fantasy invites us to explore the boundaries of what is possible and challenges us to question the nature of our own reality.
Distinguishing Urban Fantasy from Other Fantasy Sub-Genres
Urban fantasy is a unique genre that sets itself apart from other fantasy sub-genres such as high fantasy, contemporary fantasy, and paranormal romance. While these genres may share some similarities, urban fantasy has distinct characteristics that make it stand out.
In comparison to high fantasy, which often takes place in entirely fictional worlds, urban fantasy is grounded in real-world cities. It brings fantasy elements into the familiar urban settings that readers can easily relate to. This integration of magical creatures and beings adds an exciting and captivating layer to the urban landscape.
On the other hand, contemporary fantasy can be set in any time period, whereas urban fantasy is typically set in the present or future. This temporal proximity creates a strong connection between the fantastical and the modern, blurring the lines between reality and magic.
When comparing paranormal romance to urban fantasy, the focus is a key distinguishing factor. Urban fantasy places a greater emphasis on the urban setting itself and the integration of supernatural elements into everyday life. While romance can be present in urban fantasy, it is not the primary focus. Instead, the genre explores a wide range of themes and storylines beyond romantic relationships.
Genre | Urban Fantasy | High Fantasy | Contemporary Fantasy | Paranormal Romance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Setting | Real-world cities | Entirely fictional worlds | Any time period | May vary, but romance-focused |
Main Focus | Integration of supernatural into urban life | Epic quests in imaginary realms | Interaction of fantasy with contemporary life | Romantic relationships |
Examples | The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher, Kate Daniels by Ilona Andrews | The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin | Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling, American Gods by Neil Gaiman | Twilight by Stephenie Meyer, Dark-Hunter by Sherrilyn Kenyon |
Popular Urban Fantasy Creatures and Beings
Urban fantasy is a genre that brings together a diverse array of magical creatures and beings. These characters play vital roles in urban fantasy series, adding depth, intrigue, and danger to the stories. From vampires to shapeshifters, urban fantasy provides a thrilling world filled with mythical beings.
Vampires
Vampires are one of the most iconic and popular urban fantasy creatures. With their immortal existence and thirst for blood, they embody both seduction and danger. Their supernatural abilities, such as enhanced speed and strength, make them formidable opponents in the urban fantasy world.
Werewolves
Werewolves are another beloved staple of urban fantasy. These shape-shifters possess the ability to transform into wolves, often under the influence of the moon. With their primal instincts and brute strength, they add an element of wildness to urban fantasy series.
Fae
The fae, or fairies, are mythical beings known for their beauty and magical abilities. In urban fantasy, they can vary from mischievous tricksters to ancient and powerful beings. Their presence often brings a touch of enchantment and mystery to the stories.
Witches
Witches are powerful spellcasters, capable of harnessing the forces of magic. In urban fantasy, they are often portrayed as both allies and adversaries to humans. Their mastery of the supernatural arts makes them vital players in the conflicts that unfold within urban fantasy worlds.
Demons
Demons are malevolent creatures that draw their power from the darkest corners of the supernatural realm. They are relentless adversaries, often seeking to wreak havoc and sow chaos. Their inclusion in urban fantasy adds a gripping element of danger and suspense.
Ghosts
Ghosts are the spirits of the departed, lingering in the mortal world. They can be both helpful and vengeful, with their stories often intertwined with mysteries and unresolved pasts. Urban fantasy often explores the ethereal realm of ghosts and the connections they have to the living.
Shapeshifters
Shapeshifters have the remarkable ability to transform into different forms, such as animals or other humans. This skill allows them to blend seamlessly with the human world, making them unpredictable and versatile characters in urban fantasy narratives.
These are just a few examples of the urban fantasy creatures and beings that captivate readers in this genre. Each creature brings its own set of unique abilities, characteristics, and storylines, adding depth and excitement to urban fantasy series. The interplay between these mythical creatures and humans forms the heart of the conflicts and relationships that drive urban fantasy narratives.
Popular Urban Fantasy Series
Urban fantasy is a beloved genre that has captivated readers with its magical and contemporary blend. If you’re looking to dive into the exciting world of urban fantasy, here are some popular series that have garnered a loyal following and come highly recommended:
Series | Author |
---|---|
Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter series | Laurell K. Hamilton |
The Sookie Stackhouse Series | Charlaine Harris |
The Vampire Chronicles | Anne Rice |
Mercy Thompson Series | Patricia Briggs |
The Kate Daniels Series | Ilona Andrews |
The Otherworld Series | Kelley Armstrong |
Fever Series | Karen Marie Moning |
These urban fantasy series offer a captivating blend of magic, adventure, and compelling characters. Each series has its own unique twists and turns that will keep you hooked from beginning to end. Whether you’re a seasoned fan of the genre or a newcomer looking for a thrilling urban fantasy read, these series are sure to satisfy your craving for fantastical worlds and unforgettable stories.
World Building in Urban Fantasy
World building is a crucial aspect of creating a captivating urban fantasy novel. In this genre, authors must construct a rich and immersive world that seamlessly blends the ordinary with the magical. Building a fantasy world involves much more than just creating a physical setting; it requires careful consideration of the rules and limitations of the magical systems, the history and culture of the mythical species, and the impact of the supernatural on the urban environment.
When crafting an urban fantasy world, authors must establish the social, political, and economic dynamics of the city where mythical creatures coexist with humans. These elements help create a believable and engaging backdrop for the story, providing a foundation for the characters’ interactions and the development of the plot.
“In urban fantasy, world building is about creating a seamless integration between the magical and the ordinary, allowing readers to suspend disbelief and fully immerse themselves in the story.”
Magic Systems and Rules
In urban fantasy novels, authors must establish clear rules and limitations for their magical systems. These rules help create a sense of logic and consistency in the world, ensuring that the use of magic doesn’t become arbitrary or overwhelming. Whether it’s the source of magic, the limitations of magical abilities, or the consequences of its use, a well-defined magic system adds depth and authenticity to the urban fantasy world.
Mythical Species and Culture
Urban fantasy often features a diverse range of mythical species, such as vampires, werewolves, fae, and witches. When building a fantasy world, authors must delve into the history and culture of these species to create well-rounded and believable characters. Understanding their origins, traditions, and societal structures adds depth and complexity to the urban fantasy world, making it more immersive and compelling for readers.
The Impact of the Supernatural on the Urban Environment
The presence of supernatural beings in an urban setting can have far-reaching consequences. Authors must consider how the existence of mythical creatures affects the social fabric of the city, the government, and law enforcement. They must also think about the interactions between humans and magical beings, exploring themes such as discrimination, coexistence, and power dynamics. Incorporating these elements into the world building adds depth and realism to the urban fantasy novel.
Creating a vivid and believable urban fantasy world requires careful attention to detail. From establishing the rules of magic to developing the history and culture of mythical species, every aspect of world building contributes to the immersive experience for readers. By crafting a well-constructed and compelling fantasy world, authors can transport readers to a place where the magical and the mundane exist side by side, creating a truly captivating urban fantasy novel.
Tropes in Urban Fantasy
Like any genre, urban fantasy has its fair share of tropes. While tropes can add familiarity and appeal to stories, they can also become cliched if not handled carefully. Here are some common tropes in urban fantasy:
- The Reluctant Hero: The protagonist who initially resists their role as the savior or protector but eventually embraces their destiny.
- The Chosen One: A character with a special destiny or unique abilities who must save the world from evil forces.
- The Magical Detective: A protagonist who uses their supernatural powers or connections to solve mysteries or crimes.
- The Hidden Magical World Within the City: The idea that there is a secret, hidden magical society existing alongside the mundane world.
- The Love Triangle: A romantic relationship involving three people, often consisting of the protagonist, a human, and a supernatural being, creating tension and emotional conflict.
Authors should be aware of these tropes in urban fantasy and strive to put their own unique twists on them to keep their stories fresh and engaging. By subverting or reinventing these tropes, authors can breathe new life into the genre and captivate readers with their creativity.
Character Development in Urban Fantasy
Urban fantasy is a genre known for its emphasis on character-driven narratives. In order to craft compelling stories, authors must focus on the development of multidimensional characters with unique personalities, motivations, and conflicts. Strong character development in urban fantasy is crucial for readers to connect with the story and become emotionally invested.
Developing characters in urban fantasy requires careful consideration of their growth and evolution throughout the series. As they encounter the supernatural challenges of their urban environment, characters should undergo transformative experiences that shape their identities and shape their relationships with others. By allowing characters to evolve and change, authors create opportunities for dynamic storytelling and provide readers with engaging character arcs.
One effective way to develop characters in urban fantasy is to explore their interactions with the supernatural elements of the world. The urban environment serves as a backdrop for characters to navigate unique challenges and confront their own strengths and weaknesses. By presenting characters with these obstacles, authors can delve into their internal struggles and show their growth as they overcome adversity.
“Character is like a tree and reputation like its shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the tree is the real thing.” – Abraham Lincoln
Strong characters in urban fantasy possess depth, complexity, and relatability. They have their own goals, desires, and flaws, enriching the narrative and creating opportunities for conflict and growth. By developing well-rounded characters, authors can engage readers on an emotional level and ensure their immersion in the urban fantasy world.
One way to enhance character development is through the use of supporting characters who challenge and complement the protagonist. These interactions can lead to personal growth and transformation, fostering a sense of camaraderie or adding tension to the narrative. By exploring the relationships between characters, authors can further highlight their strengths, weaknesses, and unique qualities.
Key Elements of Character Development in Urban Fantasy | Description |
---|---|
Personality | Characters should have distinct personalities that are believable and relatable. |
Motivations | Characters should have clear goals and desires that drive their actions. |
Conflicts | Characters should face internal and external conflicts that shape their development. |
Growth | Characters should evolve and change over the course of the series, learning from their experiences. |
Lesser-Known Creatures and Beings in Urban Fantasy
In the vast and enchanting world of urban fantasy, there is an incredible array of creatures and beings that captivate readers. While popular urban fantasy creatures like vampires, werewolves, and fae have taken the spotlight, there are lesser-known beings that bring a fresh and intriguing twist to the genre. From djinn to kitsune, these unconventional urban fantasy characters add depth and diversity to stories, offering readers new and exciting adventures.
- Djinn: Hailing from Arabian folklore, djinn are powerful supernatural beings often associated with wishes and the granting of desires. With their ability to shape-shift and manipulate reality, djinn play a fascinating role in urban fantasy, adding an element of mysticism and magic.
- Skinwalkers: Drawing inspiration from Native American mythology, skinwalkers are shapeshifters with the power to transform into animals. These beings bring a connection to nature and spirituality, and their presence in urban fantasy introduces a unique blend of mysticism and ancient wisdom.
- Gargoyles: These stone guardians, often perched atop buildings, come to life in urban fantasy. Gargoyles possess incredible strength and formidable protective abilities. They add an element of ancient mystique to the urban landscape, watching over the city and its inhabitants.
- Nephilim: Descendants of the union between angels and humans, Nephilim are powerful and enigmatic beings. With their unique lineage and extraordinary abilities, Nephilim offer a compelling balance between the divine and the mortal, bringing a sense of divine intervention to urban fantasy stories.
- Changelings: These beings bridge the gap between human and supernatural realms. Changelings are often swapped at birth with a human child, leading to a life of duality and discovery. Their struggle to find their place in both worlds adds richness and complexity to urban fantasy narratives.
- Necromancers: Masters of death and resurrection, necromancers command spirits and communicate with the deceased. These skilled practitioners of magic bring an eerie and mysterious aspect to urban fantasy, delving into the realms of life and death.
- Kitsune: Originating from Japanese folklore, kitsune are fox-like creatures with supernatural abilities. They possess shape-shifting abilities, intelligence, and mischievous nature. Kitsune add a touch of whimsy and intrigue to urban fantasy stories, with their cunning and enigmatic ways.
These are just a few examples of the lesser-known creatures and beings that populate the world of urban fantasy. Their unique characteristics and perspectives bring fresh depth and diversity to the genre, creating captivating storylines that continue to enchant readers.
Unique Beings in Urban Fantasy | Origin | Description |
---|---|---|
Djinn | Arabian folklore | Powerful supernatural beings associated with wishes and the granting of desires. Shape-shifters with reality manipulation abilities. |
Skinwalkers | Native American mythology | Shapeshifters who can transform into animals. Connected to nature, spirituality, and ancient wisdom. |
Gargoyles | Mythology and folklore | Stone guardians that come to life. Possess incredible strength and protective abilities. Often perched atop buildings. |
Nephilim | Mythology and religious texts | Descendants of angels and humans. Possess extraordinary abilities. Bridge the gap between the divine and the mortal. |
Changelings | Folklore and mythology | Beings swapped at birth with human children. Struggle to find their place in both human and supernatural realms. |
Necromancers | Mythology and folklore | Masters of death and resurrection. Command spirits and communicate with the deceased. Skilled practitioners of magic. |
Kitsune | Japanese folklore | Fox-like creatures with shape-shifting abilities. Intelligent and mischievous. Bring whimsy and intrigue to urban fantasy. |
Creating a Unique Urban Fantasy City
In urban fantasy, the city itself plays a vital role in shaping the story and immersing readers in a captivating fictional world. Building a city for urban fantasy requires careful attention to detail and a creative imagination. The goal is to create a unique and immersive urban setting that serves as a backdrop for the characters and their supernatural experiences. The city should be rich in history, distinct in architecture, diverse in culture, and filled with vibrant neighborhoods.
To develop a compelling urban fantasy city:
- Research real-world cities for inspiration: Study the characteristics of different cities, their architecture, history, and cultural elements. Take inspiration from various urban environments to create a city that feels authentic and relatable to readers.
- Create a detailed history: Develop a rich backstory for the city that explains its origins, major events, and how it became a hub for supernatural activity. The history contributes to the overall atmosphere and helps shape the city’s unique identity.
- Design the architecture: Determine the architectural style of the city, blending real-world influences with fantastical elements. Consider how the buildings and structures reflect the presence of supernatural beings and their impact on the urban landscape.
- Integrate supernatural elements: Decide which supernatural beings or phenomena exist within the city and how they interact with human inhabitants. Are there hidden magical societies, hidden portals, or secret underground lairs? Integrate these elements seamlessly into the city’s fabric to create an urban environment where the magical and the mundane coexist.
- Explore neighborhoods: Develop distinct neighborhoods within the city, each with its own character, history, and atmosphere. Consider the demographics, landmarks, and activities that make each neighborhood unique. This adds depth to the urban setting and provides opportunities for diverse storytelling.
- Consider the impact of the supernatural: Explore how the presence of supernatural beings affects everyday life in the city. Does it influence politics, economy, or social dynamics? Understanding the impact of the supernatural on the city helps create a more immersive and believable world.
- Infuse the city with cultural diversity: Incorporate diverse cultures and mythologies into the fabric of the city. Explore the traditions, folklore, and customs of different communities, both human and supernatural. This adds depth and richness to the urban fantasy city.
- Detail the city’s landmarks: Identify prominent landmarks within the city that hold significance to the story. These landmarks could include supernatural gathering places, historical sites, or places of power. They provide focal points for the narrative and add visual interest to the urban landscape.
By creating a unique urban fantasy city with attention to history, architecture, culture, and supernatural elements, authors can immerse readers in a vibrant, believable world that enhances the overall storytelling experience.
Writing Compelling Urban Fantasy Conflict
In the genre of urban fantasy, conflict plays a vital role in creating an engaging and immersive story. It is through conflict that the clash between the supernatural and human world is brought to life, driving the narrative forward and captivating readers. Whether it’s conflicts between different magical species, conflicts between humans and supernatural beings, or internal conflicts within the protagonist, each conflict adds tension, suspense, and depth to urban fantasy novels.
One way to create compelling conflict in urban fantasy is by exploring the tensions that arise from the coexistence of magical and human characters. This can involve exploring the power dynamics, prejudices, and conflicts of interest that emerge when different magical species interact with each other or with humans. By highlighting these contrasting perspectives and motivations, authors can create complex and believable conflicts that keep readers hooked.
Additionally, conflicts between humans and supernatural beings can add an extra layer of intrigue to urban fantasy novels. These conflicts can revolve around differing agendas, misunderstandings, or a struggle for power. The clash between human strengths and vulnerabilities and the supernatural abilities of magical beings can create high-stakes conflicts that push the story forward and keep readers on the edge of their seats.
Moreover, conflicts within the protagonist’s own identity and abilities are another effective way to create compelling conflict in urban fantasy. This can involve exploring internal struggles, moral dilemmas, or the search for personal identity in a world where the line between the natural and the supernatural is blurred. By delving into these internal conflicts, authors can add depth and complexity to their characters, making them more relatable and compelling to readers.
In summary, conflict is a crucial element in urban fantasy novels. By incorporating conflicts between different magical species, conflicts between humans and supernatural beings, and conflicts within the protagonist’s own identity and abilities, authors can create a dynamic and captivating story. These conflicts drive the plot, create tension and suspense, and keep readers fully engaged in the world of urban fantasy.
Balancing Realism and Fantasy in Urban Fantasy
Urban fantasy is a genre that thrives on the blending of realism and fantasy. While it incorporates magical elements and mythical beings, it is crucial to ground the story in a realistic urban setting to maintain believability. By paying attention to the details of everyday life and the realistic portrayal of the city, authors can create a seamless blend of the real and the fantastical, making the supernatural elements feel authentic and relatable to readers.
In urban fantasy, the urban setting serves as a backdrop for the story, acting as its own character and influencing the plot and the interactions between characters. By accurately capturing the essence of a city, including its history, architecture, culture, and neighborhoods, authors can create a rich and immersive reading experience. This attention to detail not only enhances the realism of the setting but also helps establish a strong foundation for the fantastical elements to thrive.
Furthermore, believable characters are essential for maintaining the balance between realism and fantasy in urban fantasy. By portraying characters with depth, unique personalities, and relatable motivations, authors can ground their stories in reality. Readers need to connect with the characters on a human level, even in the midst of magical and supernatural events. By focusing on the mundane interactions between characters and their growth throughout the story, authors can make their urban fantasy world feel more authentic and believable.
“Blending the real and the fantastical in urban fantasy is like painting a picture where the brushstrokes of magic are seamlessly integrated into the everyday scenes of life. It’s the delicate balance between the extraordinary and the ordinary that creates a believable and captivating world for readers to immerse themselves in.” – Emily Rivers, Urban Fantasy Author
Authors should also strive to avoid excessive stereotypes and cliches when portraying the fantastical elements of their urban fantasy world. By putting their own unique spin on traditional tropes, they can breathe fresh life into the genre and surprise readers with unexpected twists and turns. Overall, striking a balance between realism and fantasy is key to creating a compelling urban fantasy narrative that resonates with readers.
Conclusion
Urban fantasy is a captivating genre that seamlessly weaves together elements of fantasy, contemporary fiction, romance, mystery, and adventure. It offers readers a unique reading experience by combining the magical and the mundane in urban settings. From vampires and werewolves to lesser-known creatures like djinn and changelings, urban fantasy presents a diverse array of characters and storylines.
For aspiring authors in the urban fantasy genre, it is important to focus on developing well-rounded characters that readers can connect with. These characters should have their own unique personalities, motivations, and conflicts. Additionally, creating immersive urban settings is essential to make the world of urban fantasy feel believable and engaging.
However, one of the key aspects of urban fantasy is crafting compelling conflicts that blend the real with the fantastical. These conflicts can arise from the clash between different magical species, the tension between humans and supernatural beings, or from within the protagonist’s own identity and abilities. By striking the right balance between realism and fantasy, authors can create stories that captivate readers and keep them immersed in the urban fantasy genre.
With its popularity and wide range of possibilities, urban fantasy offers endless opportunities for exploration and storytelling. As readers continue to be drawn to the genre, aspiring authors have the chance to contribute their own unique voices and perspectives to the urban fantasy landscape. Whether featuring vampires, witches, or other mythical creatures, urban fantasy allows both readers and authors to embark on captivating adventures in the realms where magic and the modern world collide.
FAQ
What is urban fantasy?
Urban fantasy is a genre that combines magical creatures and beings with modern-day urban settings. It takes place in cities and blends elements of contemporary fiction, fantasy, romance, mystery, and adventure.
How does urban fantasy differ from other fantasy sub-genres?
Urban fantasy takes place in real-world cities, while high fantasy is set in entirely fictional worlds. Urban fantasy is typically set in the present or future, unlike contemporary fantasy that can be set in any time period. Urban fantasy focuses more on the urban setting and the integration of supernatural elements into everyday life, rather than romantic relationships as the main focus like paranormal romance.
What are some popular urban fantasy series?
Some popular urban fantasy series include Laurell K. Hamilton’s “Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter” series, Charlaine Harris’s “The Sookie Stackhouse Series,” Anne Rice’s “The Vampire Chronicles,” Patricia Briggs’s “Mercy Thompson Series,” Ilona Andrews’s “The Kate Daniels Series,” Kelley Armstrong’s “The Otherworld Series,” and Karen Marie Moning’s “Fever Series.”
What are some common tropes in urban fantasy?
Some common tropes in urban fantasy include the reluctant hero, the chosen one, the magical detective, the hidden magical world within the city, and the love triangle.
How important is character development in urban fantasy?
Character development is crucial in urban fantasy. Authors must focus on creating multidimensional characters with unique personalities, motivations, and conflicts to engage readers throughout the series.
What are some lesser-known creatures in urban fantasy?
In addition to popular creatures like vampires and werewolves, urban fantasy features lesser-known beings such as djinn, skinwalkers, gargoyles, Nephilim, changelings, necromancers, and kitsune.
How do authors create a unique urban fantasy city?
Authors create a unique urban fantasy city by considering the history, architecture, culture, neighborhoods, and supernatural elements. The city should be an immersive backdrop for the story.
What is the role of conflict in urban fantasy?
Conflict is crucial in urban fantasy, driving the plot and creating tension. This can include conflicts between magical species, conflicts between humans and supernatural beings, or conflicts within the protagonist’s own identity and abilities.
How do authors balance realism and fantasy in urban fantasy?
Authors balance realism and fantasy in urban fantasy by grounding the story in a realistic urban setting, paying attention to the details of everyday life, and maintaining believability while incorporating magical elements.
What makes urban fantasy a captivating genre?
Urban fantasy offers readers a unique blend of the magical and the mundane. It combines elements of fantasy, contemporary fiction, romance, mystery, and adventure, creating a rich and immersive reading experience.
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